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An Evaluation of Anthrax as a Weapon of Bioterrorism
Introduction
Since September 11th, terrorism has featured regularly in the media causing widespread alarm. Since the postal attacks in the winter of 001, in which Bacillus anthracis spores were delivered by mail to targets of terrorism, attention has turned to the possibility of terrorist attack using bioweapons.
Bacillus anthracis The Organism
Bacillus anthracis spores, the initial infective agent of the disease anthrax are 1-�Ým by 0.5-1�Ým in size(). Once implanted the spore germinates into the vegetative cell, a gram positive, facultatively anaerobic bacterium(1). These non-motile vegetative cells are 1-8�Ým by 1-1.5�Ým in size() and secrete three toxin components lethal factor (LF), oedema factor (ED), and protective antigen (PA)(1) (see fig1).
1) Bacillus anthracis )
EF PA LF
)
Anthrax The Disease and its Treatment
The disease is exhibited in three forms in humans. The most common form is cutaneous anthrax. Spores penetrate the skin via a wound, germinate and cause a temporary disfiguring oedema(7). This is harmless unless the oedema blocks an airway but has been known to lead to anthrax meningitis in some cases(1). The most morbid form is inhalational or pulmonary anthrax, which is fatal in approximately 0% of cases(7). The third, rarest form of the disease is ingestional anthrax, which is exhibited gastro-intestinally or oropharyngeally(1). This occurs due to ingestion of meat from an infected animal. This form of the disease is fatal in around 50% of cases(7).
The vaccine employed in the USA is an inactivated cell free product, which is 0% effective for 1- years. This is currently administered to those in the military and high-risk members of the US postal service().
B.anthracis is sensitive to a range of antibiotics, such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, oxacillin, streptomycin(8), vancomycin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, clindamycin, clarithomycin. Ciproflaxin or doxycyclin, along with one or two other antimicrobial agents are administered prophylactively for 100 days after suspected exposure to anthrax(). The use of antibiotics has promoted growth of strains resistant to quinolones (e.g. ciproflaxin) and macrolides (e.g. erythromycin)(10). The value of post exposure vaccine administration has been shown to have positive value as it initiates an immune response(11).
The Production and Employment of Bacillus anthracis As a Weapon of Bioterrorism
Anthrax was tested in the UK in 14 when small bombs containing B.anthracis spores were detonated on the surface of the Scottish island of Gruignard. Sheep were tethered near the test sites and number of them died from the pulmonary infection(1). The soil on the Island remained contaminated up until the early 180s.
Testing of all biological weapons was prohibited under the Biological Weapons and Toxins Convention (17) signed by most countries including Iraq and the USSR. Iraq went on to weaponize and produce enough anthrax to attack Iran and the Kurdish population(7). An accidental aerosol release of anthrax spores in Sverdlovsk in the former USSR resulted in 7 cases and 68 deaths(1).
Some autonomous terrorist organisations are capable of attack using anthrax as a weapon. The Japanese terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo have dispersed aerosols of anthrax throughout Tokyo on numerous occasions but did not succeed in infection().
To perform a terrorist attack, a terrorist must first obtain a suitably virulent strain of anthrax, such as the Ames strain of anthrax used in the recent postal attacks. The terrorist may obtain the organism from a number of sources. One possible source would be an infected animal carcass from a region in which the disease is still largely present, such as Iran. The organism must then be cultured on a suitable medium. A medium containing thallous acetate and EDTA is a medium selective for B. anthracis as EDTA chelates an essential cation. B.anthracis can utilise thallous acetate as a replacement while Bacillus cereus (a closely related bacterium) can not(14). Enough B.anthracis spores for a small-scale postal attack (only a few litres) may be cultured in a regular kitchen(7). To cause inhalational anthrax, the product must be milled into a fine enough powder to become airborne on opening of the package at its destination.
Weapons-grade anthrax, which is milled into a very fine powder, absent of the sticky material difficult to eliminate with only basic equipment, may be obtained by theft from research installations, or purchased from a rogue nation such as Iraq or rogue elements within a nation such as the Russian Mafia.
A large-scale terrorist attack would be extremely difficult but not impossible. Detection by the authorities must be avoided, sufficient funding must be found. Getting the spores airborne is also difficult, as security regarding the procurement of an aeroplane for any purpose has tightened. Also, meteorology must be considered. Airborne spores may not travel upwind. High humidity decreases the time for which the spores remain airborne(1).
If 100kg of anthrax was released over Washington DC, the 10,000 to million fatal cases are predicted. This matches the effects of a hydrogen-bomb attack().
Escherichia coli has been cloned containing the plasmid encoding the lethal anthrax-toxin components. They produced less toxin than B.anthracis and did not excrete the product(14). This technique could be employed to produce large amounts of lethal toxin for felonious uses. Other organisms could be investigated as more suitable candidates for genetic manipulation to produce the toxin.
Anthrax Compared with other Possible Agents of Bioterrorism
Infective Agent. Predicted number of persons infected. Predicted number of persons killed.
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) spores 50 000 100 000
Plague (Yersinia pestis) bacteria 150 000 6 000
Tularemia (Fracisella tularensis) bacteria 50 000 1 000
A number of other organisms or biologically derived substances may be considered as potential agents of bioterrorism. Smallpox causing variola virus is possibly the most feared of these. The disease is extremely infectious. The infectious dose is only a few virions(15), while 500 to 55000 inhaled anthrax spores are required to cause pulmonary anthrax(). Secondary transmission of smallpox is possible via contact or droplet-infection(15), while anthrax finds a biological ¡§dead-end¡¨ in humans(1).
There is also no safe treatment for smallpox. Vistide (cidofovir) is thought to be useful but its use promotes renal failure(16). Once contracted, smallpox is around 0% fatal, while pulmonary anthrax is around 0% fatal once infected. Anthrax spores are also more persistent in the environment. Smallpox is also very difficult to obtain as it only remains in two laboratories in the world, one in the USA, one in Novosibersk in Russia(16). It is alleged that Russia has produced and weaponized smallpox for use in ballistic missiles(15).
Botulinum toxin is another agent employed by the Aum Shinrykyo group in its attacks around Tokyo(). Derived from Clostridium botulinum, an easily obtainable, soil-dwelling bacterium, it is the most poisonous substance known to humankind. The lethal inhaled dose is less than 1�Ýg. An aerosol release is predicted to kill 10% of people to 0.5km downwind. Iran, Iraq, Syria and North Korea have weaponized botulism toxin(17).
Yersinia pestis causes potentially fatal pneumonic plague. Secondary spread is possible, as in smallpox. There is no vaccine available against Y. pestis and some antibiotic-resistant strains exist(18).
Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious known bacteria. It causes tularemia, which is fatal to a lesser extent than inhalational anthrax(1) (as shown in table 1)
Conclusion
B.anthracis is indeed a potentially potent weapon of bioterrorism. Each agent of bioterrorism mentioned above has factors such as availability, infectivity, incidence of secondary infection, and fatality of the disease. Anthrax compensates for its relatively low infectivity and lack of secondary infection, by its availability, the fatality of the disease, and the persistence of the spore in the environment, which can be up to sixty years in soil(0). None of the other organisms mentioned persist in the environment for any significant length of time. The widespread panic among civilians and costs to the USA government in prevention (tightened security, development and production of vaccines and antibiotics) is the first significant victory to potential bioterrorists.
As terrorist organisations grow (even some countries, such as Iraq, are regarded as ¡¥terrorist states¡¦) the threat of large-scale attack, using anthrax as a bioweapon, grows concomitantly.
Word Count 1 words
Bibliography
1. Quinn CP, Turnbull PCB. In Topley and Wilson¡¦s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, volume ; 18. p7-815
. Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon.
JAMA 1;81175-1745
. Gerhardt P. Cytology of Bacillus anthracis.
Fed Proc 167;61504-1517
4. Tang G, Leppla SH. Proteasome Activity is Required for Anthrax Lethal Toxin to Kill Macrophages.
Infect and Immun 1;67055-060
5. Price LB, Hugh-Jones M, Jackson PJ, Kiem P. Genetic Diversity in the Protective Antigen Gene of Bacillus anthracis.
J Bacteriol 1;18158-6
6. Welkos SL, Vietri NJ, Gibbs PH. Non-toxigenic Derivatives of the Ames Strain of Bacillus anthracis are Fully Virulent for Mice role of Plasmid pX0 and Chromosome in Strain- dependent Virulence.
Microb Pathogen 1;1481-88
7. Ala¡¦Aideen D. Risk of Deliberately Induced Anthrax Outbreak.
Lancet 001;58186-188
8. Nalin DR, Sultana B, Sahunja R et al. Survival of a Patient with Intestinal Anthrax.
Am J Med 177;610-1
. Malecki J, Wiersma S, Cahill K et al. Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Exposure Management and Antimicrobial Therapy.
JAMA 001;866-
10. Stephenson J. Experts Focus on Infective Agents of Bioterrorism
JAMA 00;87575-576
11. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Additional Options for Preventive Treatment for Persons Exposed to Inhalational Anthrax.
JAMA 00;8757
1. Manchee RJ, Broster J, Melling J et al. Bacillus anthracis on Gruignard Island.
Nature 181;454-55
1. Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M et al. The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 17. Science 14;6610-108
14. Knisely RF. Selective Medium for Bacillus anthracis.
J Bacteriol 166;785-786
15. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG et al. Smallpox as a Biological Weapon.
JAMA 1;8117-17
16. Kunin A. Bioterrorism and your skin.
www.dermadoctor.com/pages/newsletter171
17. Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon
JAMA 001;85105-1070
18. Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA et al. Plague as a Biological Weapon
JAMA 000;881-0
1. Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA et al. Tularemia as a Biological Weapon
JAMA 001;8576-77
0. Wilson JB, Russell KE. Isolation of Bacillus anthracis from soil stored 60 years.
J Bacteriol 164;877-8
Mind that the sample papers like An Evaluation of anthrax as a weapon of bioterrorism presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, January 24, 2013
Wednesday, January 23, 2013
Self-Realization
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Self-Realization even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Self-Realization in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
During the 1th century women were secondary. They became invisible counterparts to their husbands, with no desires, no voice, no identity (Papke). Married women were addressed as Mrs. Smith or John’s wife. Their responsibilities in society were to become wives and mothers. Very few women were educated at this time. They did not need education to take care of their children and be submissive to their husbands. There were some women that took a stand for women’s rights through their writing. They told stories of the oppression and the inequality of women. Kate Chopin and Mary Lee, Lady Chudleigh were two feminist writers during this time period. Kate Chopin’s short story, “The Story of an Hour” and “To The Ladies” a poem by Mary, Lady Chudleigh are two stories that addressed women’s desire for independence, freedom, and sexuality.
Chopin was married at the age of twenty and a widow less than 14 years later. After her husband passed, her writing career began. She was known as an “American realist, someone trying to represent life in the way it actually is lived” (Reading ). Little is known about her marriage and how her husband felt about his wife’s views on relationships and men. However, “some authors contend that Chudleigh’s was an unhappy marriage” (Smith). Even though her husband was overbearing, dominant, and misogynistic, he allowed her to write and publish several pieces of feministic literary works. She was well known for “her feminist views and willingness to defend her sex” (Smith). Both women were ridiculed and criticized by men and women for writing such scandalous material during that period in history.
In both the story and the poem the two main characters that are used to express the feminist views of their authors. Both Louise Mallard and the Narrator of “To The Ladies” are in unfulfilling marriages with overbearing men. Their marriages “exemplify the status of women in the 1th century, in that the woman is subject to the patriarch’s power.” (Brians)
“Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death” (Chopin 40). This sentence informs the reader that Mrs. Mallard is suffering from some type of illness that may be terminal. The reader is also lead to believe from the start, that Louise is frail, delicate, and unable to handle situations independently. Initially, she weeps at the news of her husband’s fatal accident, wanting to be alone, she “went away to her room” (40). However, when she is alone, in her room, she imagines her future without her husband. Her overwhelming enthusiasm is a sign that she has not been happy in her marriage. For instance, “she said it over and over under her breath “free, free, free” (40). This statement expresses the pleasure she feels, not because her husband is dead, but because she can envision her newfound freedom. Instead of voicing her new liberations, she remains silent and savors this moment for herself. Louise never refers to her husband in a negative way. The way she speaks of him, the reader is lead to believe that Brently Mallard is a kind man, “for he had never looked saved with love upon her face” (404). Louise felt that her only escape from her marriage was through his death. Louise’s marriage can be described as an oppressive condition. There are two ways the reader may interpret her situation. Yes, Louise has a “heart condition” that proves to be fatal, but her life as Mrs. Mallard was actually the cause of her demises.
The unknown woman in “To the Ladies” refers to her marriage as “that fatal knot” (Chudleigh 617). Unlike Louise Mallard, she makes her feelings towards her husband and marriage obvious from the first line in the poem. “Wife and servant are the same” (617). Her statement basically means that a woman is nothing more that a slave for her husband. “When she the word Obey has said, and man by law supreme has made, then all that’s kind is laid aside, and nothing is left but state and pride.” (617). The reader assumes that the marriage is final and all the sweet things he did to win her affection were over. Reality has set in and she realizes that there is no hope in this situation. She is doomed in this marriage forever. She dislikes the role of the wife because she must obey and hasn’t any freedom. She leaves nothing to the imagination. Her strong and blunt words illustrate her frustrations and anger with the way men treat women. “And fear her husband as her god” (Chudleigh 617), gives the reader the impression that she is suffering from more than the tasks of her matrimonial duties. Although, she does not say anything referencing physical abuse, the reader may assume that her husband is abusive.
Louise Mallard is finally getting a chance at freedom. The passing of her husband feels her heart with sadness, which is quickly replaced with “monstrous joy” (Chopin 40). In a few short moments, she begins her journey toward feminine selfhood. She has lost her husband but she is gaining her identity and independence. “Of joy that kills” (406), infers that she ultimately succumbs to her “heart condition” (404). However, her dreams are short lived because her husband returns unscathed. All that she envisioned and hoped for was gone as quickly as it came, in an hour.
The Speaker in “To The Ladies” has no outlet or escape from her situation. She continues to live the life of the domicile wife. She is silent “like mutes” (Chudleigh 617) with her emotions. Though she has expressed her feelings to the reader she would not share her views with her husband. “Value yourselves, and men despise You must be proud, if you’ll be wise” (617). With this conclusion, she suggests to the women that if they are wise, they will stand up for themselves and not fall prey to the malicious manner of men.
Life was hard for women during this time. They were suppressed and belittle by men. Although they express their views in different ways ultimately they want the same thing, self-liberation. Each one wishes for mental and physical freedom from the stereotypical role that women are supposed to uphold.
Work Cited
Angeline, Michelle. “Double Consciousness in Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour.”
CLA Journal 16 (November 14) 5-64.
Brians, Paul, et al. Eds. Reading About the World Volume .
Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour,” The Norton Introduction to Literature.
8th Ed. Jerome Beaty, Allison Booth, J. Paul Hunter and Kelly J Mays.
New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 00.
Chudleigh, Mary Lady. “To the Ladies,” The Norton Introduction to Literature.
8th Ed. Jerome Beaty, Allison Booth, J. Paul Hunter and Kelly J Mays.
New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 00.
Papke, Mary E. Verging on the Abyss “The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and
Edith Wharton.” New York Greenwich P. 10.
Smith, Hilda L. “Reason’s Disciples Seventeenth Century English Feminists.”
University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London 18.
Wald, Margaret. “Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour’ A Feminist Reading.”
The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Ross Munfin and
Supriya M. Ray. Copyright 188.
Mind that the sample papers like Self-Realization presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
During the 1th century women were secondary. They became invisible counterparts to their husbands, with no desires, no voice, no identity (Papke). Married women were addressed as Mrs. Smith or John’s wife. Their responsibilities in society were to become wives and mothers. Very few women were educated at this time. They did not need education to take care of their children and be submissive to their husbands. There were some women that took a stand for women’s rights through their writing. They told stories of the oppression and the inequality of women. Kate Chopin and Mary Lee, Lady Chudleigh were two feminist writers during this time period. Kate Chopin’s short story, “The Story of an Hour” and “To The Ladies” a poem by Mary, Lady Chudleigh are two stories that addressed women’s desire for independence, freedom, and sexuality.
Chopin was married at the age of twenty and a widow less than 14 years later. After her husband passed, her writing career began. She was known as an “American realist, someone trying to represent life in the way it actually is lived” (Reading ). Little is known about her marriage and how her husband felt about his wife’s views on relationships and men. However, “some authors contend that Chudleigh’s was an unhappy marriage” (Smith). Even though her husband was overbearing, dominant, and misogynistic, he allowed her to write and publish several pieces of feministic literary works. She was well known for “her feminist views and willingness to defend her sex” (Smith). Both women were ridiculed and criticized by men and women for writing such scandalous material during that period in history.
In both the story and the poem the two main characters that are used to express the feminist views of their authors. Both Louise Mallard and the Narrator of “To The Ladies” are in unfulfilling marriages with overbearing men. Their marriages “exemplify the status of women in the 1th century, in that the woman is subject to the patriarch’s power.” (Brians)
“Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death” (Chopin 40). This sentence informs the reader that Mrs. Mallard is suffering from some type of illness that may be terminal. The reader is also lead to believe from the start, that Louise is frail, delicate, and unable to handle situations independently. Initially, she weeps at the news of her husband’s fatal accident, wanting to be alone, she “went away to her room” (40). However, when she is alone, in her room, she imagines her future without her husband. Her overwhelming enthusiasm is a sign that she has not been happy in her marriage. For instance, “she said it over and over under her breath “free, free, free” (40). This statement expresses the pleasure she feels, not because her husband is dead, but because she can envision her newfound freedom. Instead of voicing her new liberations, she remains silent and savors this moment for herself. Louise never refers to her husband in a negative way. The way she speaks of him, the reader is lead to believe that Brently Mallard is a kind man, “for he had never looked saved with love upon her face” (404). Louise felt that her only escape from her marriage was through his death. Louise’s marriage can be described as an oppressive condition. There are two ways the reader may interpret her situation. Yes, Louise has a “heart condition” that proves to be fatal, but her life as Mrs. Mallard was actually the cause of her demises.
The unknown woman in “To the Ladies” refers to her marriage as “that fatal knot” (Chudleigh 617). Unlike Louise Mallard, she makes her feelings towards her husband and marriage obvious from the first line in the poem. “Wife and servant are the same” (617). Her statement basically means that a woman is nothing more that a slave for her husband. “When she the word Obey has said, and man by law supreme has made, then all that’s kind is laid aside, and nothing is left but state and pride.” (617). The reader assumes that the marriage is final and all the sweet things he did to win her affection were over. Reality has set in and she realizes that there is no hope in this situation. She is doomed in this marriage forever. She dislikes the role of the wife because she must obey and hasn’t any freedom. She leaves nothing to the imagination. Her strong and blunt words illustrate her frustrations and anger with the way men treat women. “And fear her husband as her god” (Chudleigh 617), gives the reader the impression that she is suffering from more than the tasks of her matrimonial duties. Although, she does not say anything referencing physical abuse, the reader may assume that her husband is abusive.
Louise Mallard is finally getting a chance at freedom. The passing of her husband feels her heart with sadness, which is quickly replaced with “monstrous joy” (Chopin 40). In a few short moments, she begins her journey toward feminine selfhood. She has lost her husband but she is gaining her identity and independence. “Of joy that kills” (406), infers that she ultimately succumbs to her “heart condition” (404). However, her dreams are short lived because her husband returns unscathed. All that she envisioned and hoped for was gone as quickly as it came, in an hour.
The Speaker in “To The Ladies” has no outlet or escape from her situation. She continues to live the life of the domicile wife. She is silent “like mutes” (Chudleigh 617) with her emotions. Though she has expressed her feelings to the reader she would not share her views with her husband. “Value yourselves, and men despise You must be proud, if you’ll be wise” (617). With this conclusion, she suggests to the women that if they are wise, they will stand up for themselves and not fall prey to the malicious manner of men.
Life was hard for women during this time. They were suppressed and belittle by men. Although they express their views in different ways ultimately they want the same thing, self-liberation. Each one wishes for mental and physical freedom from the stereotypical role that women are supposed to uphold.
Work Cited
Angeline, Michelle. “Double Consciousness in Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour.”
CLA Journal 16 (November 14) 5-64.
Brians, Paul, et al. Eds. Reading About the World Volume .
Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour,” The Norton Introduction to Literature.
8th Ed. Jerome Beaty, Allison Booth, J. Paul Hunter and Kelly J Mays.
New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 00.
Chudleigh, Mary Lady. “To the Ladies,” The Norton Introduction to Literature.
8th Ed. Jerome Beaty, Allison Booth, J. Paul Hunter and Kelly J Mays.
New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 00.
Papke, Mary E. Verging on the Abyss “The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and
Edith Wharton.” New York Greenwich P. 10.
Smith, Hilda L. “Reason’s Disciples Seventeenth Century English Feminists.”
University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago, London 18.
Wald, Margaret. “Kate Chopin’s ‘The Story of an Hour’ A Feminist Reading.”
The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Ross Munfin and
Supriya M. Ray. Copyright 188.
Mind that the sample papers like Self-Realization presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Whatever dude
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Whatever dude even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Whatever dude in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
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Mind that the sample papers like Whatever dude presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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Mind that the sample papers like Whatever dude presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, January 22, 2013
John Updikes A&P
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like John Updikes A&P even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like John Updikes A&P in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Sammy’s Immaturity
Adulthood is an experience everyone has to go through. Being an adult means having freedom, but with responsibility. Through out the story “A&P” Sammy refers to his customers as sheep and as food products. This is signs of immaturity. John Updike uses Sammy’s actions, statements, and the way descriptions show Sammy’s immaturity. Sammy soon realizes he has got to grow up and assume his responsibilities when he quits his job at the A&P, a decision which forces Sammy into adulthood.
Sammy shows many signs of immaturity through out the story. At the beginning of “A&P”, Sammy should be concentrating on ringing up his customers, but his attention is caught else where when three girls walk in to the store wearing nothing but bathing suits. While staring at the girls, Sammy messes up an old woman’s ring up. The old woman does not appreciate this and corrects Sammy’s mistake immediately. Sammy then refers to the old woman as a witch. Sammy referring to the old woman as a witch shows Updikes readers a sign of immaturity. Being that it was Sammy’s fought for the mess up in the first place. As Sammy is still following the girls with his eyes, picking each part of the girl’s bodies apart the narrator mentions,” All that was left for us to see was old McMahon patting his mouth and looking after them sizing up their joints.” Sammy starts to feel ashamed and realizes what he has been doing was not right when he realizes the meat man is doing the same as he is. John Updike is showing readers that Sammy mat be showing some maturity and growing up. Soon after this incident Sammy goes back to his old ways. Towards the end of the story Sammy tries to become a hero as he tells his boss, “I quit” hoping to impress the girls. This is Sammy’s childlike instincts coming back into role. Quitting his job for no reason but to impress girls shows Sammy as still a child. We can definitely tell this as Sammy makes childish statements throughout the story.
Another difficulty Sammy faces is the understanding of how girl’s minds operate. This is noted when Sammy states, “You never know for sure how girls minds work (do you really think it’s a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar).” Another sign of Sammys immaturity is sexists of girls in referring to their minds as jars with bees buzzing around. At this point Updike’s readers are wondering if Sammy is ever going to get out of his childish habits and become an adult. Sammy states, “Stokesie’s married, with two babies chalked up on his fuselage already, but as far as I can tell that’s the only difference.” Sammy is being sarcastic toward Stokesie saying that he has messed up his whole life because Stokesie is practically Sammy’s age and already has two children following him around. The irony is that Sammy is only a high school graduate with no responsibilities but to go and work at the “A&P”. It is childish of Sammy to say that Stokesie has ruined his life just because it is not the way Sammy pictures life.
Updike also uses character description to reveal Sammy’s immature ways. “The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle.” Sammy is using an allusion as he refers to his customers as sheep because they all have the same routine going up and down the aisles mumbling to their selves about what to get next. He also objectifies the customers when he states,” The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft looking can with those two crescents of white just under it.” Sammy objectifying the customers as animals and food is another sign of immaturity. Readers are given the idea that Sammy has had a lost childhood when he states, “You wonder they waste the wax or six-packs of candy bars, and plastic toys done up in cellophane that fall apart when a kid looks at then anyway.” Updike maybe illustrating a lost childhood Sammy had and a reason why he is so immature is because he has not been able to experience his own childhood. Sammy is forced to grow up and go out into the real world as an adult when he quits his job to impress girls. Updike’s readers are able to see Sammy’s point of view as life as an adult when he is looking out in the real world in the following passage
I look around for my girls, but they are gone of course. There wasn’t anybody but some young married screaming with her children about some candy they didn’t get by the door of a powder-blue Falcon station wagon. Looking back in the big windows, over the bags of peat moss and aluminum lawn furniture stacked on the pavement.
In this passage Sammy realizes he is going to have to go out into the real world and be an adult. This is seen by the symbols Updike uses objects like, “screaming children”, “station wagon”, and “lawn chairs” all objects associated with taking responsibility and becoming an adult.
“My stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter.” Sammy’s whole life revolves around the “A&P”, and this is the only responsibility he has to worry about. Sammy is forced to become a dynamic character when he quits his job and has to put away his childish ways to go out into the world of adulthood. Sammy does not know what to expect or do once he does step out of the “A&P”
Mind that the sample papers like John Updikes A&P presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sammy’s Immaturity
Adulthood is an experience everyone has to go through. Being an adult means having freedom, but with responsibility. Through out the story “A&P” Sammy refers to his customers as sheep and as food products. This is signs of immaturity. John Updike uses Sammy’s actions, statements, and the way descriptions show Sammy’s immaturity. Sammy soon realizes he has got to grow up and assume his responsibilities when he quits his job at the A&P, a decision which forces Sammy into adulthood.
Sammy shows many signs of immaturity through out the story. At the beginning of “A&P”, Sammy should be concentrating on ringing up his customers, but his attention is caught else where when three girls walk in to the store wearing nothing but bathing suits. While staring at the girls, Sammy messes up an old woman’s ring up. The old woman does not appreciate this and corrects Sammy’s mistake immediately. Sammy then refers to the old woman as a witch. Sammy referring to the old woman as a witch shows Updikes readers a sign of immaturity. Being that it was Sammy’s fought for the mess up in the first place. As Sammy is still following the girls with his eyes, picking each part of the girl’s bodies apart the narrator mentions,” All that was left for us to see was old McMahon patting his mouth and looking after them sizing up their joints.” Sammy starts to feel ashamed and realizes what he has been doing was not right when he realizes the meat man is doing the same as he is. John Updike is showing readers that Sammy mat be showing some maturity and growing up. Soon after this incident Sammy goes back to his old ways. Towards the end of the story Sammy tries to become a hero as he tells his boss, “I quit” hoping to impress the girls. This is Sammy’s childlike instincts coming back into role. Quitting his job for no reason but to impress girls shows Sammy as still a child. We can definitely tell this as Sammy makes childish statements throughout the story.
Another difficulty Sammy faces is the understanding of how girl’s minds operate. This is noted when Sammy states, “You never know for sure how girls minds work (do you really think it’s a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar).” Another sign of Sammys immaturity is sexists of girls in referring to their minds as jars with bees buzzing around. At this point Updike’s readers are wondering if Sammy is ever going to get out of his childish habits and become an adult. Sammy states, “Stokesie’s married, with two babies chalked up on his fuselage already, but as far as I can tell that’s the only difference.” Sammy is being sarcastic toward Stokesie saying that he has messed up his whole life because Stokesie is practically Sammy’s age and already has two children following him around. The irony is that Sammy is only a high school graduate with no responsibilities but to go and work at the “A&P”. It is childish of Sammy to say that Stokesie has ruined his life just because it is not the way Sammy pictures life.
Updike also uses character description to reveal Sammy’s immature ways. “The sheep pushing their carts down the aisle.” Sammy is using an allusion as he refers to his customers as sheep because they all have the same routine going up and down the aisles mumbling to their selves about what to get next. He also objectifies the customers when he states,” The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft looking can with those two crescents of white just under it.” Sammy objectifying the customers as animals and food is another sign of immaturity. Readers are given the idea that Sammy has had a lost childhood when he states, “You wonder they waste the wax or six-packs of candy bars, and plastic toys done up in cellophane that fall apart when a kid looks at then anyway.” Updike maybe illustrating a lost childhood Sammy had and a reason why he is so immature is because he has not been able to experience his own childhood. Sammy is forced to grow up and go out into the real world as an adult when he quits his job to impress girls. Updike’s readers are able to see Sammy’s point of view as life as an adult when he is looking out in the real world in the following passage
I look around for my girls, but they are gone of course. There wasn’t anybody but some young married screaming with her children about some candy they didn’t get by the door of a powder-blue Falcon station wagon. Looking back in the big windows, over the bags of peat moss and aluminum lawn furniture stacked on the pavement.
In this passage Sammy realizes he is going to have to go out into the real world and be an adult. This is seen by the symbols Updike uses objects like, “screaming children”, “station wagon”, and “lawn chairs” all objects associated with taking responsibility and becoming an adult.
“My stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter.” Sammy’s whole life revolves around the “A&P”, and this is the only responsibility he has to worry about. Sammy is forced to become a dynamic character when he quits his job and has to put away his childish ways to go out into the world of adulthood. Sammy does not know what to expect or do once he does step out of the “A&P”
Mind that the sample papers like John Updikes A&P presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The Other Woman
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like The Other Woman even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like The Other Woman in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Preamble
Some time back I saw the Star Pariwar Awards ceremony on TV and was quite amused to find that most of the awards were won by the cast and serials of Balaji Films (Ekta Kapoor) [Should it be (Cake)ta Kapoor?]. The Award Ceremony could easily have been renamed Ekta Kapoor Star Parivar Awards.
The way Ekta Kapoor and her serials have dominated Star Plus for the past three years (despite the bashing by the intelligentia?), shows that there is some thing in this lady which carries her through. Her serials have mass appeal only surpassed probably by Ramayana and Maharabhata. Considering the fact that the awards were given based on the viewers choice and not by a jury (which could probably be manipulated) kudos to Ekta Kapoor for having come out on top.
My review is not on Ekta Kapoor or on Star TV, (they are both dominating enough without a review) but on the dominance of the Other Woman in Ekta Kapoor’s serials.
The Sauts of Star Plus
The Bahus’ are popular as they are personification of virtue (all Sita’s reincarnations), but the other woman (Saut) in the form of Mandira from Kyun ki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi(Mandira Bedi), Anu from Des Mein Nikla Hoga Chaand (Shweta Keswani), from Kasauti Zindagi Kay (Urvashi Dholakia), Manju from Bhabhi (Shilpa Shinde) and Renuka from Kumkum (Tasnim Shaikh) have in their own right commanded attention and a following. She has so to say brought the Saut centre stage with her serials and made her a part of the “Parivar”.
The other woman got the maximum claps at the awards ceremony when the “Saut” category was announced. Komolika with her backless blouses and coy looks and the manner of saying “Nikaaaaa” has easily won appreciation from one and all. I am sure no woman would like to see the likes of Komalika any where near her husband (bachao! bachao!). However, the other woman always arouses the curiosity of every wife. She always tries to know what is so special about the other woman (usmen kya hai jo mujh mein nahin hai?).
Legitimising the Saut?
….to include the other woman in the family is to say that the man is legitimately entitled to another woman, says Nirmala Sawant Prabhavalkar, chairperson of the Maharashtra state womens commission that held a seminar on gender and media.
The other woman has been around since time immemorial, but was generally looked down upon. She was a person about whom people knew about but never talked. She lived in ignominy, secluded from society, abandoned by her man and looked down upon by her neighbours. Now the other woman has started demanding her right to be called a “wife” and get legal sanction for her children.
The trend started quite some time ago in the film world. The Dharmendra-Hema marriage, Raj Babbar-Smita Patil marriage legalized so to say the second wife and gave her acceptability, but it is now that the mass media, the TV which is carrying the message across the country to every home. Both the media and the system are glorifying the second marriage. It is becoming fashionable for most men to have a second spouse.
Saut � Victim of Manipulator?
If we look at things from the other woman’s point of view, we find that she is a victim as much as the first wife. The first wife in most cases has to accept the situation because she cant walk out of the marriage if she is not independent financially or for the sake of her children (Mere bachon ka kya hoga?). The second woman needs social acceptability and a name for her children. Will she and her children be able to lead a normal life without the support of the father? In many cases she is the one who has been cheated the most. A man who has victimized her can lead a normal married life without a stigma so why can’t she? Doesn’t she have any right to a decent married life? If she has made a mistake to fall for a married man, hasn’t the man erred too? Why should she bear the ignominy of being called the other woman while the man continues to be a husband and a father and a respected person in society? Would the family accept if the wife had another man? A kept man. A man whom a wife visits regularly and has a child from?
We could say it’s a man’s world!
Conclusion
The debate will continue to rage on the rights of the other woman but Ekta Kapoor has brought her right into our bedrooms with her serials and she is not going out so easily. She is here to stay.
Mind that the sample papers like The Other Woman presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Preamble
Some time back I saw the Star Pariwar Awards ceremony on TV and was quite amused to find that most of the awards were won by the cast and serials of Balaji Films (Ekta Kapoor) [Should it be (Cake)ta Kapoor?]. The Award Ceremony could easily have been renamed Ekta Kapoor Star Parivar Awards.
The way Ekta Kapoor and her serials have dominated Star Plus for the past three years (despite the bashing by the intelligentia?), shows that there is some thing in this lady which carries her through. Her serials have mass appeal only surpassed probably by Ramayana and Maharabhata. Considering the fact that the awards were given based on the viewers choice and not by a jury (which could probably be manipulated) kudos to Ekta Kapoor for having come out on top.
My review is not on Ekta Kapoor or on Star TV, (they are both dominating enough without a review) but on the dominance of the Other Woman in Ekta Kapoor’s serials.
The Sauts of Star Plus
The Bahus’ are popular as they are personification of virtue (all Sita’s reincarnations), but the other woman (Saut) in the form of Mandira from Kyun ki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi(Mandira Bedi), Anu from Des Mein Nikla Hoga Chaand (Shweta Keswani), from Kasauti Zindagi Kay (Urvashi Dholakia), Manju from Bhabhi (Shilpa Shinde) and Renuka from Kumkum (Tasnim Shaikh) have in their own right commanded attention and a following. She has so to say brought the Saut centre stage with her serials and made her a part of the “Parivar”.
The other woman got the maximum claps at the awards ceremony when the “Saut” category was announced. Komolika with her backless blouses and coy looks and the manner of saying “Nikaaaaa” has easily won appreciation from one and all. I am sure no woman would like to see the likes of Komalika any where near her husband (bachao! bachao!). However, the other woman always arouses the curiosity of every wife. She always tries to know what is so special about the other woman (usmen kya hai jo mujh mein nahin hai?).
Legitimising the Saut?
….to include the other woman in the family is to say that the man is legitimately entitled to another woman, says Nirmala Sawant Prabhavalkar, chairperson of the Maharashtra state womens commission that held a seminar on gender and media.
The other woman has been around since time immemorial, but was generally looked down upon. She was a person about whom people knew about but never talked. She lived in ignominy, secluded from society, abandoned by her man and looked down upon by her neighbours. Now the other woman has started demanding her right to be called a “wife” and get legal sanction for her children.
The trend started quite some time ago in the film world. The Dharmendra-Hema marriage, Raj Babbar-Smita Patil marriage legalized so to say the second wife and gave her acceptability, but it is now that the mass media, the TV which is carrying the message across the country to every home. Both the media and the system are glorifying the second marriage. It is becoming fashionable for most men to have a second spouse.
Saut � Victim of Manipulator?
If we look at things from the other woman’s point of view, we find that she is a victim as much as the first wife. The first wife in most cases has to accept the situation because she cant walk out of the marriage if she is not independent financially or for the sake of her children (Mere bachon ka kya hoga?). The second woman needs social acceptability and a name for her children. Will she and her children be able to lead a normal life without the support of the father? In many cases she is the one who has been cheated the most. A man who has victimized her can lead a normal married life without a stigma so why can’t she? Doesn’t she have any right to a decent married life? If she has made a mistake to fall for a married man, hasn’t the man erred too? Why should she bear the ignominy of being called the other woman while the man continues to be a husband and a father and a respected person in society? Would the family accept if the wife had another man? A kept man. A man whom a wife visits regularly and has a child from?
We could say it’s a man’s world!
Conclusion
The debate will continue to rage on the rights of the other woman but Ekta Kapoor has brought her right into our bedrooms with her serials and she is not going out so easily. She is here to stay.
Mind that the sample papers like The Other Woman presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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