Saturday, April 21, 2012

Pigman EssayDoes age difference affect friendships?

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In the Pigman novel, Lorraine and John encountered an unusual friendship with a man recalled as Mr. Pignati. This goes to show that age does not have a huge impact on friendships. The younger generation, I think, has more in common with the older generation then they do with their parents or any baby boomers. Many people in the older generation are depressed and need friends. People in the younger generation have a quite similar characteristic. Many older people experienced bad relationships in the past and aren’t as desperate as others.


The younger generation and older generation have the most in common, I think. They seem to be quite similar in many different ways. They both enjoy companionship and don’t want to be alone rather then being more independent like people in their mid 0’s or 40’s. They are also incapable of doing things. Like simply working a bank machine. Many teenagers or older people don not fit in this category. But many do. Younger people and older people also, as I’ve noticed, have a less controlled temper. They both get frustrated and confused. They have a lot of things on common.


Most of the older people are lonely and many live in poverty. They strive on having friends, just like teenagers. Many of them understand the essences of friendships and many other people take this all for granted. Older people can take a simple person, as example in the novel, and turn it into a life long friendship. In the novels case, Mr. Pignati turned a prank call from Lorraine and John into a life long journey that will never be forgotten. That’s why I think they strive for friendship.


Some of the elderly and younger generation have had bad relationships in the past and aren’t really looking for a strong and bold friendship, unlike some. This rarely happens, I think. When it does happen, those people aren’t happy with their lives and aren’t as excited or anxious as getting friends as other people are.


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For the reasons above, I can say that friendships come in all different shapers and sizes. Age isn’t a big factor at all in anyone’s friendship. Older people have so many things in common as younger people. They both (younger and older generation) share similar characteristics with each other. The Pigman proves a strong theory and philosophy that friendship isn’t about age.





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crap

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We go to ELEVEN!


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Mind that the sample papers like crap presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Friday, April 20, 2012

Double Standards

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Since the beginning of time, the men have been superior to the women. I think its society’s fault. If it weren’t for society to hand out the jobs we each have, we would have no place in this world. People would look, and stare as if you weren’t human. What I mean by job, I mean things like, for example women should stay home and watch the kids, do the laundry, cook, etc, and the same for men. Or maybe we were just meant to do these things we do today.


I think women are naturally better at taking care of their young. After all it’s the woman that gives birth to the child; they also have the breast milk glands. Men on the other hand are more confident in their abilities. They feel like they have to take charge of whatever is happening. I think they have an instinct to do that. Being manly, I think it means taking charge of the situation, bringing home the cash money, supporting the wife and kids. Being able to do activities that only men would do. Since men are confident in the abilities, and their natural sense of direction, they tend not to ask for directions. I agree with that, I myself won’t bother to ask for directions.


Times are changing rapidly. Some things are getting to be more acceptable, than it was back then. With the media and all, the messages get out more quickly. Mtv, and programs alike deliver this message to the public. I’m fine with the stuff, I enjoy watching the programs. As time goes on, I think people should go along with it.


My opinion on the women that want to be firefighters or an occupation that takes the full strength of a man, they should just let them do the job. If I were the guy in charge of recruiting the people, I would say you want the job? Ok, but you have to meet the requirements. If you don’t, sucks for you. Requirements are made so that the people on the job will be ready just incase there is a real fire or whatever. If we let the women slide, and if it were up to a woman to get a man out of a smoking building, she wouldn’t be able to do the job. I see no reason for why any body would make such a big fuss out of this. Let the men do their job, no harm done.


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Women’s jobs are totally up to them, if they got what it takes to do it, then do it. But there was a period where the men didn’t let them do it. So it was good that the women rebelled and said you no good pansies, you need women in the real world. Back then, I guess men were stubborn.


The standards that we must follow are made by society, and can be changed by society. That’s why people try to change it. Freedom is this country’s strong point, but people don’t seem free at all. They are holding back, they can’t show their real emotions and can’t dress the way they feel comfortable. There are some that do. They stand out, and right away people think badly of them. For example, gay men stand out. Other men call them fruit cakes and fags.


This is the world we live in. I think it’s too late to make a sudden change. People will not accept it. I know that I wouldn’t. When men sleep with lots of women they are cool, he’s the man, and when women sleep with lots of guys she’s a whore, a slut. I think the men that sleep with women and the friends that say he’s the man are just fooling around, its like when guys fools around, they do stupid things, I think its just another one of those stupid things. They joke around in a strange way. They are a bunch of idiots; I never liked those types of people. I lived in New York City all my life so I hear a lot of it, and I got used to it.


Life sucks, it’s full of crap you don’t like or want. You either get used to it or you don’t. That’s what I think. I’m pretty sure that people over time has thought of this. Especially the women that lived before the women’s rights movement. They stay home thinking, why am I here doing this stuff, I could be out there making full use of my self. I wasn’t surprised to here that women want a chance, they deserve a break.





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History of Disabled Education

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Over the past century, we as a society have had many views about people with disabilities. We have held many misconceptions, generalizations and stereotyped the disabled community. Although it is illogical, we have often grouped and assumed that all disabled people are at the same impairment level. It was not until later in the 180s and 10s that people with disabilities were recognized with different need levels and different types of disabilities that we could adapt services for.


Early in the 100s disabled people and people with differences were exploited by the publics curiosity about the unusual. People with disabilities were sensationalized in the carnival culture as human exhibits and their differences were capitalized on as income. People with disabilities were not considered competent enough to be a part of society. They were excluded from normal society and kept with their own kind. Any normal accomplishments made by people with disabilities were flaunted as extraordinary.


Beginning in the decade of the 40s, concepts of people with disabilities started to change. They were seen as pathological, patients that could be treated and cured. They were still secluded and feared by the general population. The freak sideshows were considered repulsive during this period, but the disabled were still locked away to protect the normal people from danger.


Universities during the 60s and 70s became places of protest against structural exclusion and the negative attitudes toward the disabled population. There were attempts to develop an awareness of and objections to the presence of societys distortion and misconceptions about the disabled population. The bigotry and prejudice attitudes of school personnel and students still kept many with disabilities from admission to schools. Those that were admitted were looked on as dependent, unattractive and not eligible for special services or adaptations. In 177 the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 4-14) mandated handicapped children between three and twenty-one years of age receive a free public education that is appropriate for their needs. PL 4-14 has been amended five times and is now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).


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During the 80s there was still social isolation and misconceptions surrounding persons with disabilities. There was still a characterized stigma in the perception of traits of people with disabilities as aloof-introverted, lazy-submissive, and unassuming-ingenuous. The 10 Americans with Disability Act (ADA) increased environmental and academic accessibility in both public and private schools and enhanced employment opportunities for people with disabilities, but negative attitudes towards students with disabilities still remained a challenge. Higher education administrators became more aware and invited more communication with the disabled community to counteract negative stereotyping and misconceptions. The 17 Amendment to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) set higher expectations for students with disabilities and held the schools more accountable for assessing and reporting student progress. All handicapped children and their parents were guaranteed, under this law, due process with regard to identification, evaluation and placement for disorders of communication as well as other handicapping conditions.


The Education Reform Movement set higher goals and standards for public education. Educational goal and standard developers suggested that the goals and standards should be appropriate for all students. The distinction of all students raised importance to the issues of students with disabilities and special needs. Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act, PL -457 broadened the mandate for providing services to preschool children between three and five years of age. Schools were now responsible for providing early intervention programs. Students who did not meet the criteria for special education services were entitled to reasonable accommodations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 17.


We have come a long way over the course of the century, attitudes have been modified and collaboration between educators and students has helped achieve more productive academic and physical accommodations. Disability and diversity awareness is now a responsibility of the community, as a whole. Anti-discriminatory procedures are now a part of job descriptions and monitored and evaluated on a regular basis. Adaptations for access and inclusion are being facilitated in the classrooms. We have taken steps towards successful inclusion of students with disabilities within the educational community.








References


Austin, A. (11). The changing American college student Implications for


educational policy and practice. Higher Education, (), 1-144).


Bogdan, R. (188). Freak show Presenting human oddities for amusement and


profit. Chicago University of Chicago Press.


Donaldson, J., & Martinson, M. C. (177). Modifying attitudes toward physically


disabled persons. Exceptional Children, 4, 7-47.


Haynes, W. O., Moran, M. J., & Pindzola, R. H. (1). Communication Disorders


in the Schools, 1, 4-.


Miller, S. P., (00). Validated Practices for Teaching Students with Diverse


Needs and Abilities, 1, -.


Rickman, J. C. (001). The Microculture of Disability. Dealing with Diversity, 1,


41-45.


Mind that the sample papers like History of Disabled Education presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Thursday, April 19, 2012

personal study

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The book that I have chosen to do my personal study on is titled “About a boy “by the Nick Hornby. In this essay I will show and examine how two characters that are so very different help one another to get to grips with their real personalities.


One of the main characters in this novel, Will Freeman, is a 6-year old “lay about”. He has never had to work a day in his life and nor is intending to. This is mainly due to the fact that a Christmas ditty his father wrote paid out big time. Will lives in a very flash and expensive apartment equipped with all the latest gadgets. His life takes an unexpected turn when he tries to expand his dating pool into the realm of single mothers. So he decides to attend one of their group sessions and to his amazement singles mothers were not what he originally thought. Single parent alone together (SPAT) wasn’t full of pretty young woman as will dreamed and hoped it would be but he kept up the act of him being a single father. This is when will character is introduced to Marcus ; a 1-year old loner whose life at that present moment was in a tail spin as his mother recently tried to commit suicide. Marcus has a very tough time at school, as he gets picked on and bullied by the older kids. His only consolation coming from the music of Nirvana, until he meets will that is. Marcus is determined to form a relationship, a bond with will and refuses to leave him alone. He longs for a friend and try as he does to resist, Will gradually starts to care for the boy’s well-being. As Will plays Pygmalion, treating Marcus to a shopping spree for the hippest sneakers and CD’s. Marcus’s self confidence starts to grow. Especially when he starts to talk to an older girl Elli at his school and assures himself he has fallen in “love with her”. Thanks to Marcus and Fiona (Marcus’s mother); Will finds himself less concerned with being the star of his own life. That’s when he meets Rachel a “ bright, Beautiful “ single mother with a 1-year old son Ali. Will finds himself falling in love � real, undeniable love for the very first time in his whole life. He wanted Rachel to be “his lover”.


To begin with Hornby tells us a little about Marcus’s character, and what his home life is like. Marcus is a very shy boy, he keeps himself to himself you could say. Never has he had what he could call a real friend, a best friend. In my opinion this is he own fault in a way as he doesn’t make an effort at school by making a friend or trying to fit in with the other children. I feel that he is quite content with, what I would call a claustrophobic home life. Hornby uses lots of speech when describing Marcus’s character, mostly between the boy and his mother. Markus keeps a watchful eye on his mother’s life, her relationships with men especially. Right from the outset of the book I was able to tell this “have you split up yet “this is the first line to the whole book from this line onwards Marcus asks his mother questions about the relationships she has just had. Markus shows how caring he is how much love he has for his mother. I think he also is worried about her as she is a single parent and Markus feels with all the men she’s had she is bound to get very hurt along the way.. Maybe the boy is scared to lose his mother; maybe he feels that if she meets Mr Right she might not care about him just as much as she used to? Markus has a father but rarely sees him, his father lives with his girlfriend Lindsey. He then goes on to write about Will Freeman “the 6-year old lay about “. I could tell right away that will and Marcus’s characters were totally different. Marcus was very mature for his age whereas Will acted like a spoiled teenager, but Marcus does admire Will “how cool was Will Freeman”. Will is very self confident but Marcus is definitely not. This basically sets the tone of the book, as the two main characters are described.


Marcus is a young boy, who keeps himself to himself. He “just wasn’t right for school“.School to him was a place he hated he got picked on, bullied but sometimes it was good to get away from his home life and be alone at school. As Marcus is very mature for his age he is also very confused about the adults around him, including his mum Fiona. Throughout the book I got the feeling Marcus is very curious about adults what they do and why, he is an intelligent boy. This is why he has taken a shinning to Will. Will is basically a contrast to Marcus, they are into different kinds of music, watch different TV programs and have a totally different taste in fashion.


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At my first read of this great book , I felt sorry for Marcus as a 1-year old boy he should be out playing with his friends, enjoying his childhood, but instead he “ woke up every half-hour or so” just because he was worried all about school and adult things. This quote shows how worried he was not only was he worried but it stopped him from getting to sleep. Another reason for my pity for Marcus was that “he knew he was weird” Hornby uses repetition of the word “weird” in this case to emphasize the fact that Marcus was indeed weird. This was also Marcus’s opinion of his mother, to be honest I feel his mother wasn’t weird, she just wanted the best for him “she didn’t want him to watch rubbish TV programs or read rubbish books “. I mean it must be difficult raising a child all by herself; she must be feeling the strain by attempting to commit suicide. Marcus got the feeling his mother didnt care for him anymore when she tried to commit suicide “he read her letter and was no longer interested in what has had to say “


Will on the other hand watched all the wrong TV programs. Will was lonely aswell, only in a different way for Marcus. He wanted a partner, a relationship, something? As you can already see there is a contrast between the characters, hornby does this very well in his book as the reader can differentiate between the two and can see the two different personalities showing. In this book Marcus has a big influence on Will and vice versa. At the beginning of the book Hornby keeps the two characters separate but in a very interesting and unusual way brought them together to form a bond of friendship and trust. As the reader I noticed this straight away. Also this book was written in a comedy all through the book were laughs and jokes a reason why I found it a very good read.


In conclusion I feel that this was a very delightful read. I got the feeling that Hornby got inside of each of the characters individually and showed their personalities and how they differed. This was a brilliant book that told you a little about the late 10’s culture and at the end of the book I still had a smile.





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Southern Home Developers Case

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Southern Home Developers


1. List the company¡¦s strengths and weaknesses


Southern Home Developers is a small manufactured home producer located in rural Arkansas. The list below outlines the primary strengths and weaknesses


Strengths


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„X Southern Home Developers has a competitive advantage of providing a low price and short turn around for new home consumers.


„X The owner, Bill Thompson, has several years of experience in the modular/mobile home industry and in new business start-ups.


„X Southern Home Developers has a low number of staff, seven in all, who are cross-trained in all aspects of the production and construction phases.


„X Southern Home Developers has a proven track record of meeting a four week delivery on a standardized modular home.


„X Southern Home Developers is fully diversified in the value chain and relies on few, if any, other suppliers to meet their customer¡¦s needs.


„X Southern Home Developers is in a growing industry with continued growth projected for the future. Project Outlook survey forecast that houses manufactured off-site would be used extensively and that the number of on-site construction hours would be reduced by at least 50%


„X In 16, new home sales reached all time high.


„X Few major competitors in the market or in the 50 mile radios of the plant.


Weaknesses


„X Southern Home Developers is located in a rural area which is not densely populated¡Xlimiting the number of potential consumers. Industry information shows most customers live in a 50 mile radius of the plant.


„X The owner serves as the salesperson, plant manager, and owner. If something happens to him the business would be seriously damaged.


„X The owner¡¦s wife is responsible for all interior finishing with no back-up support.


„X The Nation¡¦s aging workforce trend shows that 55+ year old workers will be the fastest growing segment. This will impact the trade industries which rely on younger workers.


„X Currently, the company suffers from low morale.


„X The new customized product has not been planned well financially or in the production facility. The new product was also not communicated well with the staff.


„X Southern Home Developers has a poor understanding of the local housing market, or they would have anticipated the need for customized housing options as opposed to a standardized design.


. Describe the firm¡¦s external environment.


There are approximately 500 modular housing factories in the United States. Most employ less than 100 people. The large competitors are


„X All American Homes ¡V Elkhart, Indiana


„X Cardinal Industries ¡V Columbus, Ohio


„X Chadwick International, Inc. ¡V Fairfax, Virginia


„X Ryland Group, Inc. ¡V Columbia, Maryland


„X Westchester Modular Homes, Inc. ¡V Wingdale, New York


There are not any major competitors in Arkansas, in fact, the closest major manufacturer is several states away from Southern Home Developers.


The industry data is included in the strengths and weaknesses. This data indicates a strong outlook for the industry, although caution is recommended as the market for housing sales is becoming depressed.


Other significant environmental information include


„X Arkansas unemployment was among the highest in the Nation in 16 at 5.1%


„X Cost for building a modular home averaged $7.41 per square foot compared to site built homes cost of $54.65 per square foot.


„X Industry shipping costs range from -5% for modular homes.


. What type of market research do you think was conducted by Thompson?


Bill Thompsen began Southern Home Developers with a small business grant, it is highly likely that the grant required him to prepare a business plan, complete with market research and projected earnings. These projections were based on a macro-industry analysis, including


„X Projected 17 number of manufactured homes in United States equals 75,000.


„X Thirteen percent of housing units in Arkansas are mobile per the 10 census.


„X 1 American Demographics described the mobile home consumer as


„X member household


„X less likely to have a college degree


„X medium income of $0,06


„X headed by young adult (18-4 years of age)


„X affordability is dominant reason for purchase


„X One in three single family homes sold in 16 was factory built. This is an increase from 1 in 4 in 10.


„X Household incomes were not keeping pace with housing prices in 16.


„X Housing starts up 16% from 10 to 15, but relatively flat from 10 to 15.


„X Demand for new and existing homes influencers are


„X Personal disposable income


„X Economic events


„X Demographic trends


„X Social attitudes toward home ownership


„X Affordability


„X Work related events


„X The segment of 5 to 4 year olds was expected to decrease 4 million in this 10 year period, this decrease may impact mobile and modular home sales.


4. Is this the type of research you would have recommended, why or why not?


The macro level market data is very important and relevant to new business start-up planning. I recommend micro or local level research in addition to the industry level research. Specifically, I recommend research in the areas of demographics for the 50 mile radius surrounding the plant, a thorough analysis of the local housing market would be essential. The following types of information should have been compiled (for a 50 mile radius surrounding the plant)


„X Housing starts for past 10 years by quarter and by category (site built, modular or mobile)


„X Demographics


o Average household size


o Medium family income


o Unemployment rate


o Average cost of house


o Projections for age segment growth


o Projections for job growth and economic development in target market area


I would also recommend some specific surveying of the local market consumers who were considering purchasing a new or existing home. Key to this case, Southern Home Developers should have more closely studied the increase in time and costs associated with customized homes. They should have built model customized homes to determine actual construction requirements, prior to setting pricing, schedules and taking orders.


Not related to market research, but just as important, is the manner in which Mr. Thompsen communicates with his employees. The case leads one to assume that the communications are not adequate to maintain a motivated and loyal workforce. I recommend that Mr. Thompsen review his strategies with his staff to gather input and opinion prior to making important business decisions.





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Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Hierarchical and Relational Database

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Foreword


Since I am more comfortable with creative writing and fiction, I decided to write this paper as a short story about three members of the Database Family. The story is narrated by the youngest member, who is observing the interaction between the three great women.


The characters are Hier, Nettie, and Rela. Heir will discuss the workings of the Hierarchal database, including its history, failures, and successes. Nettie, short for Network, will further explain when the Network Database family began and how it is used in today’s world of information technology. Rela will further engage us by discussing the greatness of the Relational database clan.


Yes, I could have made them patriarchs of the family but I am a strong believer that women rule the world. Having said that, let’s go to dinner with Heir, Nettie, and Rela. Let your imagination run free.


Do my coursework





Dinnertime with Hier, Nettie, and Rela


It was a great October day, one of my favorite months, never too hot or too cool, but perfect for outdoor adventures. Today the air had a fresh clean smell. The humidity of the summer lingered gently in the background as the aroma of the fall season began to take effect. The wind nestled in the trees and a humble breeze settled across the pale blue sky. It was the beginning of the evening while the day was still clear enough to see the settling of the sun.


I scrambled to the edge of the hallway in my jammies. There was so much


about our family history to hear and this was the opportunity of a lifetime. Hier, Nettie and Rela, the oldest members of the Database family, were sitting down to discuss the finer things of life.


I could see a small ray of sun break through the slightly opened blinds and crease across Hier’s dusty lid, when she began to speak. “I am the oldest of the database models. Back in those days, we really didn’t give too much attention to writing things down, so the initial date of my conception and birth is unclear. But suffice it to say, I came about between the 50’s and 60’s, way before your time, Rela, and, I have crossed more bridges and roads than you can ever imagine.” Rela made a slight chuckle. Rela felt she was the “be all” and “end all” of the database family and she had no use for Hier’s stories. However, she would show her the respect of listening to her again.


Hier continued “When I laid out all the data sets in a tree fashion, the developers felt a great sense of accomplishment. Finally, I had given some order to databases. My data is hierarchically-arranged in the form of parent-child relationships. The key thing was that I took an upside down approach by establishing the root of the tree as the parent or top. Now, a parent could have multiple children but a child could only have one parent.” Hier took a deep slow breath. Her arthritic hands trembled as she spoke. She was still a very strong database, but currently, she was limited to the legacy systems of certain banks and insurance companies. She was also called upon to work in inventory and accounting systems of government departments and hospitals. (www.web.cern) She had begun to feel useless 10 years ago until the Windows-based directory management systems (like Windows Explorer) had given her the juice in the arm she needed. Her greatest fear was retirement. We all knew it was coming soon.


She looked so radiant and a sense of excitement filled her voice as she continued.


“I don’t think you really understand how it works Rela. But let me explain it to you again. I put the data in different records. The records have a set of field values attached. I collect all the instances of a specific record together as a record type. It is similar to your tables, Rela.” (www. Unixspace.com) Nettie was intently listening but Rela looked as smug as ever.


Hier looked a little frustrated with the entire scene. She explained how she created links using the Parent-Child relationships. Starting with one database (the parent); it is linked to the databases beneath it (the child databases) by using a one-to-many mapping relationship. (Nzokah, Lecture 4) The parents and children are tied together by links called ‘pointers’ and a parent will have a list of pointers to each child. (Sol, 1) It is all done by using trees.


I could see that Rela was about to pounce on Hier. She never wanted to give recognition to anyone other than herself. She rolled her eyes in an upward fashion. “Hier, you know how sickly you are. You have more problems and ailments. Sure, you were an improvement over the traditional flat-file system but you still had some serious issues in your day.” Nettie was very fond of Hier. She looked at Rela with disgust. How could Rela be so disrespectful?


Hier stared through the blinds. A squirrel was running across the yard and it broke the ray of sunshine on her forehead for a second. She stood up to open the windows and allow the breeze to flow through. Rela looked at Nettie‘s expression, with a under-headed look of daring and continued to berate Hier. “I’m just saying that you have some issues. You can’t link data between two child databases. (Nzokah) You don’t handle many-to-many relationships well, and you still create redundant data within the database. You are not friendly, and nobody can add records to your child databases.” Rela stood up with her hands folded. She appeared angry but Hier was not fazed by her actions. “Rela, I know I’ve had problems, and that is why Nettie came along.” Hier stroked Nettie‘s face softly. Nettie leaned towards Hier, looked into her eyes and smiled with adoration.


Nettie thought her primary goal in life was to help solve Heir’s problems. They were so intertwined and quite a bit alike. Nettie also used set theory to give a tree structure similar to Hier’s model. Nettie was a lot quieter than Rela and wasn’t comfortable speaking out unless challenged. Well, it appeared that Rela had just engaged Nettie in a challenge, when she glared at both of them, saying “Nettie, you are no better.”


“Quite the contrary, Rela, I did make some improvements. I allow children to have multiple parents. I also support many-to-many relationships without difficulty.” (Sol, 1) Nettie was obviously not good at this type of discussion. She floundered as she explained her history. She was officially defined in 171 by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL). Basically, the network model uses the set construct. A set consist of an owner record type, a set name, and a member record type. A member record type can have that role in more than one set, thereby having the multiparent concept. (www. Unixspace)


“I helped reduced the data redundancy issues, and I made the searching capabilities better.” (Nzokah, 1) Nettie glanced at Hier for a show of support. Hier nodded her head as if to say, “you are doing well, Nettie.” Nettie talked about Codasyl. Codasyl is made up of data-items, records, and sets. A data-item is the same as a column or attribute in a RDBMS. A record is a collection of data-items. Once again, repeating groups are allowed. A set defines the relationship between records. This is where the parent is called the ‘owner’ and the child is the ‘member’. Defining a Codasyl database is like defining a Cobol data structure. (Whorten, 1)


Rela was on a rampage. “Nettie, you look like a tree, you smell like a tree, and as far as I am concerned, you are still a tree. You require so much work to maintain and implement. And, I might add, you still have that issue with record creation.” (Nzokah)


“I am the one that works the hardest and is more efficient than both of you.”


Hier intervened. “Alright, Rela, calm down. No one is dismissing your claim to fame. We are all family and we support one another. Why don’t you just sit down a spell and tell us your story.” Hier put her arms around Rela and guided her back to her chair.


Rela began to talk about her marriage to E.F.Codd. Codd groomed and designed Rela to the database she is today by anchoring her functionality to mathematical concepts. Rela allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints. The data is organized in tables. A table is a collection of records. It is made up of horizontal rows (called tuples) and fields (vertical columns also known as attributes.) (Sol, 1)


Rela was really getting into herself at this point. Both Nettie and Hier listened carefully as she sought to enlighten them about the essence of tables. “I have a few rules to be followed when constructing tables. First, each entry must be singled valued. You can not have an array of values in the row and column intersection. Secondly, each entry in a column must have the same format. For example, if an integer is used in the column, then all entries must match and be an integer as well. Last but not least, I have to have a primary key to uniquely identify each row.”


Nettie murmured beneath her breath, “and let’s not forget about the normalization rules, too.” Rela snapped her head to Nettie and shouted, “at least I am more flexible than you are.”


Heir prompted Rela to continue. There was some confusion about the construction of the construction of the tables so Rela went into further detailed. She made a point of explaining the table rules. According to her,


• A column is drawn from a DOMAIN, that is, a set of values from which the actual values are taken. More than one column in a table may draw its values from the same domain.


• A column entry in any row is SINGLE-VALUED, i.e. it contains exactly one item only (e.g. a surname). Repeating groups, i.e. columns which contain sets of values rather than a single value, not allowed.


• Each row of a table is uniquely identified by a PRIMARY KEY composed of one or more columns. This implies that a table may not contain duplicate rows.


• The ENTITY INTEGRITY RULE of the model states that no component of the primary key may contain a NULL value.


• A column or combination of columns that matches the primary key of another table is called a FOREIGN KEY.


• The REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY RULE of the model states that, for every foreign key value in a table there must be a corresponding primary key value in another table in the database (Kroenke, 000)


Hier put her feeble hands in the air, “okay, ladies, okay. We have come a long way. Some of us are faster than the other, one of us is more flexible and simpler to use, but we are all still working in some form or another. That fella, Mr. Kroenke did some studies a couple of years ago about all of us. “According to the studies contacted by Kroenke, the hierarchical model is more structured than the network model, since it only allows a single tree, with no links between layers in different branches of the tree. This means the hierarchical database architecture has more structured form than the relational model, this was done to improve throughput for transactions (adding, updating and deleting records) and to increase the simplicity of the interface for users. Network database model is easy to maintain for its shared configuration, has bottleneck of the central server, is more scalable and but difficult to manage the number of connections (Kroenke, 000).


Hier didn’t say much of anything else. She stared out the window as if she were alone in the world. She knew her time was ending soon. But she had a legacy in DL/I, Network lived on in CODASYL, and Relational had just given birth to object-rel.


The setting of the sun was the ending of the day. With a pale orange hue, and border of pink and yellow shining over the horizon, it was the end of one day and the beginning of another.





References


Retrieved September 6, 00 from


www.db.web.cern.ch/wwwdb/aboutdbs/clasification/hierarchical.html


Nzokah, James. Week 4 Lecture


Retrieved September 6, 00 from


http//unixspace.com/context/databases.html


Sol, S. Hierarchical Databases.18. Retrieved September 6, 00 from


http//www.wdvl.com/Authoring/DB/Intro/heirarchical_databases.html


Sol, S. Introduction to Databases for Web Developers. 18. Retrieved September 7, 00


www.extropia.com/tutorials/sql





Mind that the sample papers like Hierarchical and Relational Database presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!